Fiber: Architectural Matter
A Framework for Ecologically Informed Design of Fibrous Architecture
Introduction:
Throughout the last decade, research on coreless wound fiber structures has demonstrated the potential of fiber-polymer composites (FPC) as versatile and robust building materials for load-bearing systems. From an architectural perspective, the research has advanced across scales, from pre-fabricated modular structures and on-site cyber-physical systems to multi-story buildings. The core fabrication logic for coreless filament winding (CFW) demonstrated a high level of flexibility, with single and multi-robot teams, on and off-site production, and the possibility to produce elements beyond the fabrication envelope of robotic arms. In the material realm, after extensive research and application, highly performative synthetic fibers, such as carbon and glass, gave space to natural alternatives, such as flax fibers, as an effort towards bio-based solutions. The transition from synthetic to natural fibers presents numerous challenges, including increased levels of material inconsistencies and inferior mechanical properties. However, it also offers significant opportunities to investigate a unique kind of materiality with reduced ecological impact. The first implementation of natural fibers in CFW uses solely flax fiber-polymer composite to build a load-bearing pavilion that complies with the standards set by the German building code and structural permit requirements. This marks a significant advancement towards the functional use of fiber composites as an architectural building material.
However, despite the notable advancements in this field, further development remains crucial in multiple aspects to expand the use of fiber structures in architecture. From a design standpoint, digital workflows and tools are typically created on a project-by-project basis, and there is a lack of a standardized framework for the design process. In addition to serving as a centralized repository for design tools, a parametric design framework can also facilitate the dissemination of this knowledge to a broader audience beyond academia. Considering the global scenario of climate change and material scarcity, and keeping in mind the significant impact the construction industry has on this crisis, a deeper understanding of the environmental impacts of fiber structures becomes imperative. Previous evaluations conducted on this topic have relied on literature that does not entirely depict the coreless filament winding process. Moreover, when contemplating the use of natural fibers, further exploration into broadening the design possibilities of fibrous structure is essential. Previous projects have demonstrated the potential of integrating natural fibers and timber to produce hybrid structures. By combining these two materials into a cohesive hybrid system, the advantages of each material can be amplified, leading to a higher degree of material efficiency.
Aim and Research Questions:
This research aims to improve and extend the design process of fiber structures towards an ecologically informed approach. It focuses on creating a unified design framework that integrates design tools and environmental data, facilitating a process that considers the ecological impact of its materials and processes since its early design phase. Furthermore, it presents an in-depth investigation of timber-fiber hybrid systems in an effort to expand the possibilities of design solutions using bio-based fibrous materials. With the goal to promote the utilization of fibers, particularly bio-based fibrous materials, as a viable and environmentally friendly alternative in the construction industry.
The main research questions that guide the development of this doctoral research are the following:
- How can the integration of design tools and environmental data within a unified framework enhance the design process and promote the use of bio-based fibrous materials in the construction industry?
- What are the key considerations for creating a design framework for fibrous materials that address environmental impacts from an early design phase?
Hypothesis and Methodology:
The central hypothesis of this research is that integrating a parametric design framework will streamline the design process for fiber structures and enhance the dissemination of knowledge, which will foster the use of these materials in architectural applications. It is also hypothesized that the integration of a thorough life cycle assessment (LCA) of CFW processes will provide valuable insights into their environmental impacts, leading to more ecologically informed decisions and less impactful building practices. Furthermore, the research proposes that combining timber with bio-based fibers in hybrid structures can increase the applicability of bio-based fibrous materials as building solutions.
To test these hypotheses, the research employs a three-way strategy, with each path contributing to the overall body of knowledge for this doctoral dissertation through specific publications. The three methodologies are designed to address different aspects of the research objectives and collectively advance the application of fiber structures in architecture.
The first methodology focuses on deepening our understanding of material behavior in coreless filament winding processes. By enhancing knowledge in this area, this path aims to promote the efficient use of materials and lay the groundwork for future technological advancements in CFW. This objective is pursued through a detailed case study that evaluates a simulation method by comparing physical and digital models.
The second path involves developing and implementing a parametric design framework that combines design tools with the life cycle assessment (LCA) for CFW. This framework will act as a centralized repository for design tools and resources, with the goal of incorporating ecological data into the design process for fibrous structures from the early phase of design. It aims to make these methods more accessible and promote their wider use while also encouraging the exploration of innovative, sustainable design solutions.
The third methodology explores the potential of combining natural fiber-polymer composites (NFPC) with other materials, such as timber, to create hybrid systems. This path investigates how these hybrid systems can improve material efficiency and promote the practical application of NFPCs in architectural projects.
Expected Results and Contribution
This research is expected to provide valuable contributions to the field of fiber-based architecture. The development of a new parametric design framework aims to simplify the design process for fiber structures and provide a resource that can support both research and practical application. Through the integration of life cycle assessment, we seek to gain a better understanding of the environmental impacts of coreless filament winding processes, with the intention of guiding future endeavors toward more sustainable construction practices. The exploration of timber-fiber hybrid structures is intended to uncover potential benefits and applications for combining these materials, contributing to ongoing discussions about bio-based solutions in construction. These endeavors are expected to serve as a foundation for future research and encourage the adoption of more environmentally friendly practices in architecture.
PROJECT TEAM
ICD Institute for Computational Design and Construction, University of Stuttgart